CADAM3DStructural modeling Stabilising backfills Backfill modelisation Starting point Modeling by segmentation Closure of backfill Backfill properties Backfill static forces Theory - static thrust Earth pressure ‘at rest’ Method to maximise active pressure (Civil Engineering Code of Practice, 1951) Method for min./max. thrust Theory - seismic thrust Effective seismic mass Correction for hydrodynamic pressure